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James Cox (inventor)
James Cox (ca. 1723–1800) was a British jeweller, goldsmith and entrepreneur〔(James Cox (ca. 1723–1800): Goldsmith and Entrepreneur ) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History; Roger Smith ("James Cox (c. 1723-1800): A Revised Biography" ) ''The Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 142, No. 1167 (Jun., 2000), pp. 353-361〕 and the proprietor of Cox's Museum. He is now best known for creating ingenious automata and mechanical clocks, including Cox's timepiece, powered by atmospheric pressure, and the Peacock Clock.〔(The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions )〕
==Early Career==
Cox's career as a jeweler began as early as 1751, and his automatons were designed by artists like Joseph Nollekens and Johann Zoffany. In the 1760s John Joseph Merlin became his apprentice.〔 Though he proclaimed himself a goldsmith, he employed a number of jewelers and manufacturers who may have done much of the work;〔 that he was never a member of the goldsmith's guild further substantiates the claim that he subcontracted his work.〔 Cox specialized in intricate clockwork curios encrusted with gold, silver, and jewels, referred to as "sing-songs."〔 His primary market was the Far East, especially India and China, and the Chinese Qianlong Emperor possessed one of his automata, in the shape of a chariot.〔 Cox's popularity was important to British trade: the tea trade ensured that British imports far outweighed their exports to China, and Cox helped redress the imbalance.〔 His sing-songs initially reduced British trade deficit, but in the early 1770s Cox was stuck with a large inventory and a flooded eastern market. He liquidated some of his stock at Christie's in 1772, and used the remaining inventory to start his museum.〔
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